Everything about Charles Emmanuel Iii Of Savoy totally explained
Charles Emmanuel III (
April 27,
1701 -
February 20,
1773) was the
Duke of Savoy and
King of Sardinia from 1730 until his death.
Biography
Early years
He was born in
Turin to
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and his first wife
Anne Marie of Orléans. His maternal grandparents were
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans and his first wife
Henrietta Anne, the youngest daughter of
King Charles I of England and
Henrietta Maria of France.
Savoy had been successful in the
War of Spanish Succession, gaining the title of king of
Sicily but later exchanging it with
Sardinia. However, Victor Amadeus in his late year was dominated by shyness and sadness, probably under the effect of some mental illness. In the end, on
September 3,
1730, he abdicated, leaving the throne to Charles (nicknamed "Carlino" for his gracile and unpleasant building). He wasn't loved by Victor Amadeus, and consequently received an incomplete education. He however acquired noteworthy knowledge in the military field along his father.
After some time spent at his residence in
Chambéry, however, Victor Amadeus started again to intervene in Charles' government, although this didn't impede Charles from reintroducing the feasts and the general gay atmosphere that had been abolished from Turin in former years. In summer, 1731, after having recovered from a potentially fatal illness, Victor Amadeus returned to the throne. He accused his son of incompetence and established himself in
Moncalieri; however, Charles Emmanuel managed to have Victor Amadeus arrested by the Crown's Council, in order to prevent him from attacking
Milan and probably causing an invasion of Piedmont. The old king was confined to the
Castle of Rivoli, where he later died without any further harm to Charles.
The War of Polish Succession
In the
War of the Polish Succession Charles Emmanuel sided for the French- backed king
Stanislaw I. After the treaty of alliance signed in Turin, on
October 28,
1733 he marched on Milan and occupied Lombardy without significant losses. However, when France tried to convince
Philip V of Spain to join the coalition, he asked to receive
Milan and
Mantua in exchange. This wasn't acceptable for Charles Emmanuel, as it would recreate a Spanish domination in Italy as it had been in the previous centuries. While negotiations continued about the matter, the Savoy-French-Spanish troops attacked Mantua under the supreme command of Charles Emmanuel himself.
Sure that in the end Mantua would be assigned to Spain, he voluntarily thwarted the expedition. The Piedmontese army was victorious in two battles at
Crocetta and
Guastalla. In the end, when
Austria and France signed a peace, Charles was forced to leave Lombardy. In exchange, he was given some territories, including
Langhe,
Tortona and
Novara.
The War of Austrian Succession
Charles Emmanuel was involved in the
War of Austrian Succession, which he sided for
Maria Theresa of Austria, with financial and naval support from England. After noteworthy but inconclusive initially successes, he'd to face the French-Spanish invasion of Savoy and, after a failed allied attempt to conquer the
Kingdom of Naples, the county of Nizza. When the enemy army invaded Piedmont, in 1744 he personally defended Cuneo against the Spanish-French besiegers. The following year, with some 20,000 men was facing and invasion of two armies for a total of some 60,000 troops. The important strongholds of
Alessandria,
Asti and
Casale fell. In 1746, after received reinforces from Austria, he was able to capture back the first two. In
1747 he obtained a crushing victory over the French at the
battle of Assietta, and his territories were saved when the main battleground moved northwards to the
Netherlands.
The outcome of the
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle showed his qualities as negotiator also, as he was returned the lost provinces of
Nice and
Savoy, and obtained
Vigevano as well as other lands in the
Pianura Padana.
He declined to participate in the
Seven Years' War (1756-83), preferring to concentrate on administrative reforms, to maintain a well-disciplined army and to strengthen his fortresses. In an attempt to improve the poor condition of the newly acquired Sardinia, he also founded the Universities of
Sassari and
Cagliari.
Charles Emmanuel died in Turin in 1773. He was buried in the
Basilica of Superga.
Ancestors
Family
He married three times, but his three wives all died before their 30th birthday.
- Anne Christine Louise of Bavaria (1704-1723), a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty. She died a few days later after giving birth to a son:
- Vittorio Amedeo (1723-1725).
- Polyxena Christina of Hesse-Rotenburg (1706-1735), with whom he'd six children:
- Victor Amadeus III of Savoy (1726-1796).
- Eleonora Maria Teresa (1728-1781), unmarried.
- Maria Luisa Gabriella (1729-d.1767), a nun.
- Maria Felicita (1730-1801), unmarried.
- Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1731-1735).
- Carlo Francesco Romualdo, Duke of Chablais (1733-1733)
- Elisabeth Teresa of Lorraine (1711-1741), younger sister of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, with whom he'd three children:
- Carlo Francesco Maria Augusto, Duke of Aosta (1738-1745).
- Maria Vittoria Margherita (1740-1742).
- Benedetto Maria Maurizio (1741-1808), Duke of Chablais (-1796) and Marchese of Ivrea (1796-1808). He married his niece Maria Anna, Princess of Savoy (1757-1824), daughter of his older half-brother Victor Amadeus, no issue.
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